The following portions of the PA DMV code were downloaded in September 2004.  They are listed as an aid for the new and/or part time builder.  We suggest that if you have a question you consult the Commonwealth's DMV sight for the latest publications.



MOTORCYCLE CODE

§ 175.142. Suspension.
    (a) Condition of suspension components. Every suspension component shall be in safe operating                           condition as described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Suspension system. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a suspension system.
          (1) A motorcycle shall be equipped with a suspension system on at least the front wheel.
          (2) The suspension system shall be effective in reducing road shock and shall be designed for the                         purpose of maximizing the vehicle’s stability.

§ 175.143. Steering.
    (a) Condition of steering components. The steering assembly and steering mechanism shall be in safe                   operating condition as described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Condition of steering. A motorcycle shall meet the following specifications in relation to front wheel                 geometry:
          (1) Maximum rake: 45°. Maximum trail: 14 inches positive.
          (2) Minimum rake: 20°. Minimum trail: 2 inches positive.
          (3) Minimum rake and minimum trail are not applicable to three-wheel motorcycles unless the third                         wheel is derived from a sidecar.
    (c) Steering head. A head shall be provided with a bearing or similar device allowing the steering shaft to             turn freely in rotating fashion.
    (d) Handlebars. The handlebars or grips may not be higher than the operator’s shoulder level when the                 operator is properly seated upon the motorcycle.
          (1) The handlebars shall be of a sturdy construction adequate in size and length to provide proper                         leverage for steering and capable of withstanding a minimum force of 100 pounds applied to each                   handle grip in any direction.
          (2) The handlebars shall be designed so as not to restrict front fork movement and shall be capable of                   vertical adjustments.
          (3) The handlebar design shall provide a minimum of 18 inches between ends, after final assembly.
          (4) The handlebars shall be equipped with grips of nonslip design and materials.

§ 175.144. Braking systems.
    (a) Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be in safe operating condition as           described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Service brakes. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a service brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. § 4502                 (relating to general requirements for braking systems).
          (1) The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application and shall be capable of stopping the                       vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to brake                       performance).
          (2) The service brake system shall act upon all wheels according to the vehicle manufacturer’s                               specifications, except on a vehicle being towed in driveaway-towaway operation or side cars not                     originally equipped.
          (3) The brake lining and brake fluids shall be of type approved by vehicle manufacturer or shall meet                     the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards (J998, January 1980)—Appendix A (relating to                 minimum requirements for motor vehicle brake linings—SAE J998).
          (4) The service brake system shall be of a design that rupture or failure of either the front or rear brake                 system will not result in the complete loss of braking function. Braking function may be obtained by                 hydraulic or other means through a normal brake mechanism. In the event of a rupture or failure of                   actuating force component, the unaffected brakes shall be capable of applying adequate braking                     force to vehicle.
          (5) Metal from the shoe or caliper may not contact brake drums or rotors.
          (6) Brake lines shall be approved for use as brake lines.

§ 175.145. Tires and wheels.
    (a) Condition of tires and wheels. Tires and wheels shall be in safe operating condition as described in §               175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Tire standards. A motorcycle shall have tires that were manufactured in conformance with standards             contained in Chapter 159 (relating to new pneumatic tires). See 75 Pa.C.S. § 4525 (relating to tire                     equipment and traction surfaces). Tires with equivalent metric size designations may be used.
    (c) Nonpneumatic tires. A motorcycle operated on a highway may not be equipped with nonpneumatic                   tires.
    (d) Ice grips or studs. A tire may not be equipped with ice grips or tire studs or wear-resisting material                  which have projections exceeding 2/32 inch beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire.
    (e) Antique vehicle pneumatic tire exemption. An antique vehicle may be equipped with nonpneumatic                tires if originally equipped by the manufacturer.

§ 175.146. Lighting and electrical systems.
    (a) Condition of lamps and switches. Every required lamp or switch shall be in safe operating condition as             described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Lighting standards. Lamps shall comply with the vehicle lighting equipment requirements of Tables II,             IV and V; Chapter 153; and 75 Pa.C.S. § 4301.
    (c) Headlamp system. A motorcycle driven on a highway shall have at least one and no more than two                   headlamps. See 75 Pa.C.S. § 4303(a) (relating to general lighting requirements).
          (1) Lamps in the headlamp system shall be of Type I or Type II construction. On one-lamp system, the                   lamp shall be located in the center of the vehicle. On a two-lamp system, the lamps shall be                               symetrically located on each side of the vehicle’s vertical centerline.
          (2) The headlamp low beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 7,500.
          (3) The headlamp high beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 10,000.
          (4) Every headlamp shall be aimed to comply with inspection procedure of this subchapter.
          (5) Approved SAE modulating lamps are legal.
          (6) A motorcycle shall be equipped with a manual dimmer switch conveniently located for use by the                     driver while in a normal operating position. An automatic dimming device may be used in addition                     to a manual switch.
          (7) A motorcycle shall be equipped with a beam indicator which shall be lighted whenever the high                         beam of light from the headlamp is in use and shall not otherwise be lighted. The indicator shall be                   so located that when lighted it is readily visible without glare to the operator of the vehicle.
    (d) Total candlepower. Total candlepower for headlamps and auxiliary lamps shall not exceed 150,000.
    (e) Other required lamps. A motorcycle shall have at least one red stop lamp and no more than two—one               on each side—on the rear of the vehicle, which shall be illuminated immediately upon application of                 the service brake.
    (f) Illumination except headlamps, fog lamps and auxiliary driving lamps. A motorcycle shall have a stop              lamp and tail lamp which, under normal atmospheric conditions, shall be capable of being seen and                distinguished during nighttime operation at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. § 4303(b) and (d).
         (1) Rear lamps shall be lighted whenever headlamps, fog lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are in                              operation.
         (2) A vehicle specified under this subchapter may be equipped with turn signals.
         (3) The turn signals shall have a frequency of flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.
         (4) The stop lamps shall be operated through a switching arrangement so that any motion of brake                        towards applied position immediately illuminates the stop lamp.
         (5) The stop lamps shall not be combined with turn signal lamps unless arrangement of switches or                        other parts are such that the stop lamp is extinguished when the turn signal is in use.
         (6) The stop lamps shall be visible for 100 feet in normal sunlight.
         (7) A motorcycle manufactured after 1978 shall be equipped with an alternator, generator or electrical                 energy storage source, capable of providing lighting in compliance with Chapter 153 (relating to                       lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipment) and SAE J392—Appendix B (relating to                             motorcycle and motor vehicle cycle electrical system (maintenance of design voltage)—SAE                             J392)—Maintenance of Design Voltage.
         (8) A motorcycle shall be equipped with at least one red reflector to the rear.
         (9) A motorcycle shall have at least one tail lamp if it was manufactured after 1973 or if originally so                      equipped.
    (g) Condition and position of lamps. Lamps shall be properly fastened; direct light properly; be of a color               not contrary to Tables II, IV and V; and not be so obstructed by a screen, bar, auxiliary equipment or a             device as to obscure, change the color of or obstruct the beam.
    (h) Ornamental lamps. A lamp not enumerated in this section, and not located as described in Tables III—V           of this chapter, is prohibited unless it is available as original equipment. An illuminated sign is                           prohibited. Flashing or revolving lights are not ornamental lamps. Provisions relating to flashing or                   revolving lights are located in Chapters 15 and 173 (relating to authorized vehicles and special                         operating privileges; and flashing or revolving lights on emergency and authorized vehicles).
    (i) [Reserved].
    (j) Registration plate lamp. A registration plate lamp, if originally equipped, shall emit white light and make          the registration plate visible from a distance of 50 feet to the rear of the vehicle.
    (k) Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps. Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps may be installed on a                     motorcycle if they comply with the following requirements:
          (1) Fog lamps shall not be substituted for headlamps except under conditions of rain or fog. Fog lamps                 may be used with lower headlamp beams.
          (2) Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall be mounted on front at a height not less than 12 inches                   nor more than 42 inches above level surface upon which the vehicle stands. Rear fog lamps, if                           originally installed or offered as optional equipment, are acceptable.
          (3) Auxiliary lamps and fog lamps shall be aimed when the vehicle and lamp assembly are in the                            straight ahead position with the beam not above the horizontal centerline of the lamp at 25 feet.
          (4) A motorcycle may have one and no more than two approved auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps.
          (5) Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall not be placed in front of any required lamp.
          (6) A vehicle equipped with headlamps, auxiliary driving lamps or fog lamps may not have more than                     four forward projecting lamps illuminated at the same time.
    (l) Antique vehicle lighting exemption. An antique vehicle, if operated exclusively between the hours of               sunrise to sunset and not during periods of reduced visibility or insufficient illumination, is exempt from         requirements of this section, except requirements pertaining to stop lamps.
    (m) Battery fastening. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a system which is              specifically designed for the secure fastening of the battery

§ 175.147. Glazing.
    (a) Condition of glazing. Glazing shall meet the requirements of Chapter 161 (relating to glazing materials).           See 75 Pa.C.S. § 4526 (relating to safety glass).
    (b) Safety glazing. A motorcycle may be equipped with a windscreen. This subsection does not apply to a             vehicle manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1934, if the original glazing is not cracked or                 discolored.
    (c) Stickers. Out-of-State inspection stickers, tax stamps, road use permits or other government-related               permits—all municipalities and states—may be placed at the lower left- or right-hand corner of the                   windscreen.
    (d) Obstructions. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have glazing free from obstructions as                 described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
          (1) With the exception of the materials in paragraph (3), signs, posters or other materials, whose                             design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, may not be placed on the windscreen or                 a side wing or side window so as to obstruct, obscure or impair the driver’s clear view of the                             highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, these restrictions do not apply to the                     rear side windows, rear wings or rear window of vehicles subject to this subchapter, if so equipped.
          (2) The requirements of this subsection also apply to glass etchings, except those used for vehicle                       identification.
          (3) A sun screening device or other material which does not permit a person to see or view the inside                  of the vehicle is prohibited unless otherwise permitted by FMVSS No. 205, or a certificate of                              exemption has been issued in compliance with § 175.265 (relating to exemption provisions). See                      Table X for specific requirements for vehicles subject to this subchapter.

§ 175.148. Mirrors.
    (a) Condition of mirrors. Mirrors shall be in safe operating condition as described in § 175.160 (relating to             inspection procedure).
    (b) Rearview mirrors. A motorcycle shall be equipped with at least one rearview mirror or similar device. If           a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued, rearview                     mirrors, each with a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10 square               inches for a convex mirror, shall be installed on both sides of a motorcycle. A vehicle for which a                     certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside           rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.
          (1) A mirror may not be cracked, broken or discolored.
          (2) A mirror shall hold adjustment.
          (3) A mirror shall provide an unobstructed view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle for a distance                  of not less than 200 feet.
          (4) A mirror shall provide a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10                       square inches for a convex mirror.
          (c) Obstructions. A motorcycle rearview mirror shall be free from obstructions as described in § 175.160.

§ 175.149. Fuel systems.
    (a) Condition of fuel systems. All components in the fuel system shall be in safe operating condition as                 described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Fuel system requirements. The fuel system components shall be leakproof and shall be fastened                     securely to the vehicle with fasteners designed for that purpose.
    (c) Accelerator operation. The accelerator control system shall return the engine throttle to the idle                       position when the operator removes the actuating force from the accelerator control.
    (d) Filler cap. The fuel system shall be equipped with a filler cap.
    (e) Alternate fuel systems. See Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

§ 175.150. Speedometers.
    Every motorcycle shall have an operating speedometer calibrated to indicate miles per hour or kilometers     per hour.

§ 175.151. Odometers.
    Every motorcycle shall have an operating odometer calibrated to indicate total miles or kilometers driven,     except a motorcycle at least 25 years old.

§ 175.152. Exhaust systems.
    (a) Condition of exhaust system. All components of the exhaust system shall be in safe operating                           condition as described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Exhaust system requirements. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a muffler or other effective                         noise-suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation. A muffler or exhaust                       system may not be equipped with a cutout, bypass or similar device and a muffler may not show                       evidence of external repair.
          (1) The exhaust system of a motorcycle may not be modified in a manner which will amplify or increase                 noise emitted by the motor of the vehicle above the maximum level permitted by Chapter 157                           (relating to established sound levels).
          (2) An exposed exhaust system shall be equipped with adequate heat shield or protective system or                     be located to prevent contact by operator or passenger.

§ 175.153. Horns and warning devices.
    (a) Condition of horns and warning devices. All components of the horn or warning device shall be in safe             operating condition as described in § 175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Horn and warning device requirements. A motorcycle shall have a horn or other warning device which             is audible under normal conditions at a distance of not less than 200 feet. No vehicle shall be equipped           with a siren, bell, whistle or similar device emitting an unreasonably loud or harsh sound, except                     emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.

§ 175.154. Body.
    (a) Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in § 175.160             (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Fenders. The wheels of a motorcycle shall be equipped with fenders of a type used as original                           equipment. At no time shall a tire come in contact with the body, fenders or chassis of the vehicle.
    (c) Protruding objects. A motorcycle shall have no torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts                   protruding from body.

§ 175.155. Chassis.
    (a) Condition of chassis. All items on the chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in §                   175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).
    (b) Vehicle frame. A vehicle frame shall be in solid condition.
    (c) Seats. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a seat for the operator which is firmly anchored to the                   frame or support. No metal spring shall protrude from the driver’s seat.
    (d) Chain guard or drive shaft cover. A covering device to prevent contact with a rider while in a normal                riding position shall be provided.
    (e) Stands. A motorcycle stand shall operate and be strong enough to support the vehicle and stay in the             proper position when not holding the bike in standing position.
    (f) Hand-hold. A hand-hold device shall be provided if the motorcycle is designed to carry more than one              person.
    (g) Footrests. A motorcycle operated or driven upon the highway shall have footrests for each person                   operating or riding upon the vehicle.
    (h) Highway bars. If the motorcycle is so equipped, highway bars shall have a maximum width of 26 inches           and shall be located less than 15 inches from the foot controls and shall not interfere with the                           operation of foot controls.

§ 175.160. Inspection procedure.
    (a) External inspection. An external inspection shall be performed as follows:
          (1) Verify ownership, legality and proof of financial responsibility. For the purpose of this subchapter,                     ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or                                   manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of certificate of title or                          manufacturer’s statement of origin:
                     (A) The VIN is not in agreement with the vehicle registration card, title or manufacturer’s                                          statement of origin. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and                            the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to                                correct an error or transposition.
                     (B) The VIN plate is not securely fastened or is defaced, misplaced or missing.
                (ii) When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of vehicle registration                           card.
                      (A) The license plate is not in agreement with the numbers on the vehicle registration card.                                     Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides                             evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or                                 transposition.
                      (B) The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.
                      (C) The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.
                      (D) The license plate lamp, if so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate.
                (iii) Acceptable proof of financial responsibility is not provided. For the purpose of this chapter,                                financial responsibility shall be proven by one of the following documents:
                       (A) A valid financial responsibility identification card issued in accordance with 31 Pa. Code                                    (relating to insurance).
                       (B) The declaration page of a valid insurance policy.
                       (C) A valid self-insurance identification card.
                       (D) A valid binder of insurance issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle                                  liability insurance in this Commonwealth.
                       (E) A valid insurance policy issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle                                      liability insurance in this Commonwealth.
          (2) Check the glazing.
                (i) Reject if one or more of the following apply:
                     (A) Approved safety glazing is not used in the windscreen.
                     (B) A sign, poster or other material whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the                                      material, obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or an                                            intersecting highway.
                     (C) A vehicle displays a sticker other than those prescribed under § 175.147(c) (relating to                                        glazing), or displays a parking sticker in a location described in § 175.147(d).
                     (D) The glass is shattered, broken or has any exposed sharp edges.
                     (E) There are defects in an acute area of the windscreen—center of the critical area on the                                      driver’s side of the vehicle directly in the driver’s normal line of vision, 8 1/2 inches wide and                              5 1/2 inches high—or discolorations or hazardous cracks which would interfere with the                                      driver’s vision.
                (ii) This paragraph does not prohibit the use of a product or material along the top edge of the                                windscreen as long as the product or material is transparent and does not encroach upon the                          AS-1 portion of the windscreen as provided by FMVSS No. 205, and the product or material is not                      more than 3 inches from the top of the windscreen.
          (3) Check the mirrors and reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) The mirror is cracked, broken or discolored.
               (ii) The mirror will not hold adjustment.
              (iii) The mirror does not provide a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror                     or 10 square inches for a convex mirror.
              (iv) Outside rearview mirrors, with a minimum reflective surface as described in § 175.148(b)                                    (relating to mirrors), are not installed on both sides of the motorcycle, if a certificate of                                        exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued by the Department. See                      § 175.264 (relating to mirrors). A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for                      medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally                                equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.
          (4) Check the fenders and reject if any of the following apply:
                (i) A fender—front or rear—has been removed.
               (ii) A fender is not of a type and size used as original equipment.
          (5) Check the flooring and floor beds if applicable and reject if any of the following apply:
                (i) The flooring or floor beds are not in a condition constructed to support occupants and cargo.
               (ii) The floor pan is rusted through so as to cause a hazard to occupants or to permit exhaust gases                      to enter passenger compartment.
          (6) Check the lamps and lenses and reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) An exterior bulb or sealed beam, if originally equipped or installed, fails to light properly, except                     ornamental lights.
               (ii) The turn signal lamps do not flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.
              (iii) The turn signal lamps do not properly indicate right or left when so switched.
              (iv) The lamp shows a color contrary to Tables IV or V (relating to required motor vehicle lighting                              equipment; and location of required equipment), as applicable.
               (v) The lamp or filament indicated at switch position does not light when the correct switch                                    indicates the lamp should be on.
              (vi) The lamp has a missing or broken lens.
             (vii) A required lamp is missing.
            (viii) Auxiliary equipment is placed on, in or front of any lamp.
             (ix) The fog lamps operate with the high beams of headlamps.
              (x) Auxiliary driving lamps operate with the low beam of the standard headlamp system or alone.
             (xi) The headlamps are out of adjustment as follows:
                    (A) Mechanical aimer, if any of the following apply:
                          (I) Horizontal aim is more than 4 inches to the left or right.
                         (II) Vertical aim is higher or lower than 4 inches from the center.
                   (B) Screen or photo electric type tester. See Charts 1—3 (relating to aiming screen distance and                            marking identification; high beam inspection limits; and low beam inspection limits).
                         (I) Turn the lamps on high beam and reject if the center of the beam is horizontally more than                                 4 inches to the right or left of straight ahead or if the center of the light beam is vertically                                   more than 4 inches above or below the horizontal line.
                        (II) Turn the lamps on low beam and reject if the upper edge of beam is more than 4 inches                                       above or below the horizontal centerline of the headlamp or if the inner edge of the beam is                               more than 4 inches to the right or left of the vertical line.
          (7) Check for protruding metal and reject if torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protrude                 from the surface of the vehicle so as to create a hazard.
          (8) Check the fuel tank cap and reject if the fuel tank filler cap is missing.
    (b) Internal inspection. An internal inspection shall be performed as follows:
          (1) Check the high beam and turn signal indicator lights and reject if the indicator lights are not                               working.
          (2) Check the horn and reject if any of the following apply:
                (i) There is no horn or other acceptable audible warning device.
               (ii) The horn or other warning device is not audible under normal conditions for a distance of not                            less than 200 feet.
              (iii) The vehicle is equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or a device emitting harsh or unreasonably                             loud sound, except on emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.
          (3) Check the brake system by doing visual inspection. If the vehicle is equipped with view ports or                       mechanical brake wear indicators, wheels do not have to be pulled but the mechanic shall                                 determine if lining should be replaced. Reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) Brake control travel exceeds 80% of total available travel.
               (ii) Brake control fades while the vehicle is stopped.
              (iii) There is excessive friction in the control linkage or components or control levers are misaligned                     or improperly positioned.
              (iv) The drums or rotors are scored deeper than .015 inch.
               (v) There is mechanical damage other than wear.
              (vi) The inside diameter of the drum is greater than the maximum diameter stamped on the drum or                       greater than .090 inch over the original drum diameter for unmarked drums.
             (vii) The disc thickness is less than the minimum stamped on assembly or less than the                                             manufacturer’s specifications.
            (viii) The bonded linings are less than 1/32 inch at the thinnest point.
              (ix) The riveted linings are less than 1/32 inch above the rivet head at the thinnest point.
               (x) The lining is broken; not firmly attached to the shoe; or contaminated with oil, grease or another                     substance that would affect proper brake operation.
              (xi) The master cylinder leaks.
             (xii) The hydraulic hoses or lines leak or are disconnected, flattened or restricted.
            (xiii) The hydraulic booster for the power brake system is leaking or inoperative or has excessively                          worn belts.
            (xiv) Mechanical indicator shows that pads should be replaced.
          (4) Check the motor mounts and reject if motor mounts are broken, cracked or missing.
          (5) Check the fuel systems and controls and reject if any of the following apply:
                (i) There is liquid fuel leakage at any point in the system.
               (ii) Part of the fuel line is not securely fastened.
              (iii) A fuel tank or line was not specifically designed or manufactured as a fuel tank or line.
              (iv) A fuel line is in contact with a high temperature surface or moving part.
               (v) The fuel tank line intrudes into a driver, passenger or cargo compartment, except if the vehicle                       was originally so designed. If the vehicle is equipped with an alternate fuel system, see                                       Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).
             (vi) The throttle does not return to the idle position when the actuating force is removed.
    (c) Beneath the vehicle inspection. A beneath the vehicle inspection shall be performed as follows:
          (1) Inspect the tires and wheels and reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) A tire has two adjacent treads with less than 2/32-inch tread remaining at any point.
               (ii) A tire is worn so that tread wear indicators contact the road in any two adjacent grooves.
              (iii) Part of the ply or cord is exposed.
              (iv) A tire has been repaired with a blow-out patch or boot.
               (v) There is a bump, bulge or separation.
              (vi) A tire is marked ‘‘not for highway use,’’ ‘‘for racing purposes only’’ or ‘‘unsafe for highway use,’’ or                     has a similar designation.
             (vii) There are other conditions or markings reasonably believed to render a tire unsafe for highway                         use.
            (viii) A tire has been regrooved or recut.
              (ix) The wheel nuts or bolts are missing or loose or have improper thread engagement.
               (x) The stud or bolt holes are worn out of round.
              (xi) Part of the wheel is bent, cracked, welded or damaged so as to affect safe operation of vehicle.
             (xii) The rear wheel does not track front wheel track in the straight ahead position within 1 inch to                          either side, except for three-wheeled vehicles which must track as originally designed.
            (xiii) Studded tires are in use after April 15 and before November 1.
            (xiv) A tire extends beyond the outer edge of the wheel housing or exceeds the manufacturer’s                                 specifications as to size.
          (2) Inspect the steering system and reject if any of the following apply:
               (i) The front wheel geometry of a motorcycle with a single front wheel does not meet the following                        specifications as to rake and trail:
                   (A) Maximum rake: 45 degrees; maximum trail: 14 inches positive.
                   (B) Minimum rake: 20 degrees; minimum trail: 2 inches positive.
              (ii) The handlebars or grips are higher than operator’s shoulder level when properly seated upon                            motorcycle.
             (iii) The handlebars of each motorcycle are not of sturdy construction.
             (iv) The handlebars restrict front fork movement.
              (v) The handlebars do not provide a minimum of 18 inches between grip ends.
             (vi) The handlebars are not equipped with grips of nonslip design and material.
            (vii) The measured movement at the front or rear of the tire is greater than 1/4 inch in relation to the                        axle shaft.
           (viii) The linkage components are not secured with cotter pins or other suitable devices.
             (ix) The steering stops allow a tire to rub on the frame or chassis parts.
              (x) The front wheel is incapable of being turned to the right and left steering stops without binding or                     interference.
          (3) Inspect the suspension system and reject if any of the following apply:
               (i) The shock absorbers are missing.
              (ii) The shock absorbers’ mounting bolts or mounts are broken.
             (iii) The shock absorbers have severe leakage—not slight dampness.
             (iv) The vehicle continues free rocking after release, indicating loss of the shock absorber function.
          (4) Inspect the vehicle frame and reject if any of the following apply:
                (i) The vehicle frame is not in solid condition.
               (ii) A repair is made with tape, tar paper or cloth, or is made in another temporary manner.
              (iii) The frame components are missing, cracked, rotted or broken or are in deteriorated or                                        dangerous condition.
              (iv) The chain guard or other covering device is missing.
               (v) The motorcycle stand does not operate or is not strong enough to support the vehicle.
              (vi) A hand-hold device is not provided if the motorcycle is designed to carry more than one person.
             (vii) Footrests are not provided for each person operating or riding upon vehicle.
            (viii) The highway bars exceed the maximum width of 26 inches or are located more than 15 inches                          from the foot controls.
            (5) Inspect the exhaust system and reject if one or more of the following apply:
                  (i) The vehicle has no muffler or muffler has external repair.
                 (ii) There are loose or leaking joints.
                (iii) There are holes, cracks or leaking seams in exhaust system.
                (iv) There is a muffler cutout or similar device.
                 (v) Part of the exhaust system passes through the occupant compartment.
                (vi) The elements are not securely fastened with proper clamps and hangers.
               (vii) The exposed exhaust system does not have adequate heat shield or protective system or is not                       located to prevent contact with riders.
             (6) Check the battery and reject if the battery is not securely fastened.
    (d) Road test. Perform a road test and reject if one or more of the following apply:
             (1) The vehicle is not capable of stopping within the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table                    I (relating to brake performance).
             (2) There is a malfunction of the braking or steering mechanism—particularly shimmy, wander and                          pull—or another questionable operating behavior that affects safe operation of vehicle.
             (3) The speedometer does not operate.
             (4) The odometer does not operate except on motorcycles at least 25 years old.
             (5) The vehicle cannot be driven forward.


SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION CODE

§ 175.201. Application of subchapter.
    The equipment standards set forth in this subchapter apply to all street rods, specially constructed                 vehicles and reconstructed vehicles being driven on highways.

§ 175.202. Conditions.
All parts of a vehicle must comply with this subchapter and Subchapters E—H and J.

§ 175.203. Braking systems.
    (a) Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be compatible and in safe                       operating condition as described in § § 175.80, 175.110, 175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220.
    (b) Service brakes. The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application and shall be capable of                 stopping the vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to           brake performance). Every street rod, specially constructed vehicle and reconstructed vehicle shall be           equipped with a service brake system which is identical to the originally manufactured brake system;             except, if the original system has been modified or the street rod has rear tires wider than 9 inches,                 the service brake system shall be of a design that rupture or failure of either the front or rear brake                 system will not result in the complete loss of braking function. Braking function may be obtained by                 hydraulic or other means through a normal brake mechanism. In the event of a rupture or failure of                   actuating force component, unaffected brakes shall be capable of applying adequate braking force to             the vehicle.
    (c) Refuse trucks. A vehicle reconstructed as a refuse truck and designed to be operated from an                           unconventional location—usually the right side of the vehicle—shall be equipped with a system that                 prevents movement of the vehicle when the operator is not at the controls. This system shall engage             the brakes and lock the transmission in neutral. This system need be operative only when the vehicle             is being operated from the unconventional location.

§ 175.204. Tires.
    (a) Condition of tires. Tires shall be in safe operating condition as described in this subchapter and                       Subchapters E—H and J.
    (b) Tire width. The front tires on a street rod shall have a minimum width of 5 inches. If the rear tires on a             street rod are wider than 9 inches, the vehicle shall be equipped with a dual service brake system, see           § 175.203(b) (relating to braking systems).

§ 175.205. Lighting and electrical systems.
    A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have hazard warning lamps if so originally equipped which,     under normal atmospheric conditions, shall be capable of being seen and distinguished during nighttime       operation at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. § 4303(b), (c) and (d) (relating to general lighting                 requirements).

§ 175.206. Glazing.
    (a) Condition of windshield. A windshield shall be in safe operating condition as described in § § 175.80,               175.110, 175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220 and this subchapter.
    (b) Requirements. Glazing shall meet following requirements:
          (1) A windshield may not be less than 7 inches in vertical height on a street rod and 12 inches vertical                   height on reconstructed vehicles and specially constructed vehicles. If the original body                                   configuration provided by a recognized manufacturer had a windshield of less than 12 inches,                           reconstructed vehicles and specially constructed vehicles may use the original windshield size,                       except that this size may not be less than 7 inches.
          (2) A windshield and side windows or openings shall allow the driver minimum outward horizontal                           vision capability of 90° from each side of the vertical plane passing through the fore and aft                               centerline of the vehicle. This range of vision may be interrupted by window framing not exceeding                 2 inches in width and windshield door post support areas not exceeding 4 inches in width.
    (c) Obstructions forward of the windshield. A vehicle specified under this subchapter may not have                       obstruction forward of the windshield which extends more than 2 inches upward into the horizontally             projected vision area of the windshield with the exception of the windshield wiper components.

§ 175.207. Mirrors.
    (a) Condition of mirrors. Mirrors shall be in safe operating condition as described in § § 175.80, 175.110,               175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220 and this subchapter.
    (b) Mirrors. A specially constructed or reconstructed vehicle designed to be operated from an                                 unconventional location—usually the right side—shall have sufficient mirrors for the operator to view               the front and both sides and rear of the vehicle for a distance not less than 200 feet from any operator           location.

§ 175.208. Body.
    (a) Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in § § 175.80,           175.110, 175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220 (relating to inspection procedure) and this                               subchapter.
    (b) Fenders. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have fenders on all wheels which cover the               entire tread width of a tire that comes in contact with the road surface. The tire tread circumference               coverage shall be from at least 15 degrees front to at least 75 degrees rear of the vertical centerline at           each wheel, measured from the center of wheel rotation.
    (c) Hood—street rods only. A street rod is required to have a hood which covers the top of the entire                     engine compartment. Street rod engine compartment sides may remain open.
    (d) Doors. A door shall be installed for any location from which a refuse truck is to be operated. If the                     vehicle is equipped with dual controls, a door shall be installed at each control position.

§ 175.209. Chassis.
    (a) Condition of chassis. All items of a chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in this                   subchapter and Subchapters E—H and J.
    (b) Bumpers. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with front and rear bumpers                   securely attached to the chassis, except when the original body configuration provided by a                             recognized manufacturer did not include bumpers in the design of the vehicle.
          (1) Some part of the horizontal bumper of a passenger vehicle and all street rods shall fall within                             12—20 inches above ground level.
          (2) Some part of the horizontal bumper of a truck shall fall within 16—30 inches above ground level.
    (c) Scrub line. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall meet the minimum scrub line requirements.             See Chart 5 (relating to scrub line).
          (1) A scrub line is an imaginary surface created if lines were drawn from the bottom of the wheel rim on                 one side to the bottom of the tire on the other side. When lines are drawn from both sides, an ‘‘X’’                     under the vehicle suspension is created. A suspension or chassis component may not be below the                 top portion of this imaginary ‘‘X.’’
          (2) Only exhaust systems and sheet metal may extend below the scrub line.

§ 175.211. Inspection.
    A vehicle shall be inspected by a certified inspection mechanic to insure the vehicle conforms to Vehicle       Code and this title prior to titling. The vehicle owner shall not be the inspecting mechanic. A certificate of     inspection shall not be issued upon initial inspection. After the title and registration have been issued, an       inspection station shall reinspect the vehicle to make certain the vehicle still complies with this chapter       and only then shall a certificate of inspection be issued. Failure to follow proper inspection procedures in       either of the two inspections listed in this chapter will be reasonable grounds to suspend the station and       mechanic under Subchapter D (relating to schedule of penalties and suspensions: official inspection               stations and certified mechanics).

§ 175.220. Inspection procedure.
    (a) External inspection. An external inspection shall be performed as follows:
          (1) Verify ownership, legality and proof of financial responsibility. For the purpose of this subchapter,                     ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or                                   manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of certificate of title or                         manufacturer’s statement of origin:
                    (A) The VIN is not in agreement with the vehicle registration card, title or manufacturer’s                                           statement of origin. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and                             the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to                                 correct an error or transposition.
                    (B) The VIN plate is not securely fastened or is defaced, misplaced or missing.
               (ii) When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of vehicle registration                           card:
                    (A) The license plate is not in agreement with numbers on vehicle registration card. If only one                               digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the                                     appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition, this                                 clause does not apply.
                    (B) The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.
                    (C) The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.
                    (D) The license plate lamp, if so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate.
              (iii) Acceptable proof of financial responsibility is not provided. For the purpose of this chapter,                                financial responsibility shall be proven by one of the following documents:
                    (A) A valid financial responsibility identification card issued in accordance with 31 Pa. Code                                     (relating to insurance).
                    (B) The declaration page of a valid insurance policy.
                    (C) A valid self-insurance identification card.
                    (D) A valid binder of insurance issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle                                 liability insurance in this Commonwealth.
                    (E) A valid insurance policy issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle                                       liability insurance in this Commonwealth.
          (2) Check the windshield and reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) A windshield is less than 7 inches in vertical height on a street rod.
               (ii) A windshield is less than 12 inches in vertical height, or the vertical height is less than what was                     originally designed, on a reconstructed or specially constructed vehicle.
              (iii) The windshields and side windows or openings do not allow the driver minimum outward                                    horizontal vision capability of 90° from each side of vertical plane passing through fore and aft                          centerline of vehicle.
              (iv) The range of vision is interrupted by window framing exceeding 2 inches in width and windshield                      door post support areas exceeding 4 inches in width.
               (v) Obstructions except windshield wiper components of more than 2 inches upward into                                          horizontally projected vision area of the windshield is found.
          (3) Check the fenders and reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) The fenders do not cover the entire tire tread width of tire that comes in contact with the road                         surface.
               (ii) The front tire tread circumference coverage is less than 15° to the front and 75° to the rear of                           each tire.
              (iii) The rear tire tread circumference coverage is less than 75°.
          (4) Check the bumpers and reject if one or more of the following apply:
                (i) The front or rear bumper is missing.
               (ii) Some part of the horizontal bumper does not fall within 12-20 inches above the ground level on                          the street rods, specially constructed vehicles and reconstructed passenger vehicles.
          (5) Check the lights and reject if the vehicle does not have operating hazard warning lamps capable of                 being seen and distinguished during nighttime operations at a distance of 500 feet.
    (b) Internal inspection. An internal inspection shall be performed as follows:
          (1) Check the mirrors and reject if the mirrors for the operator are insufficient to view front and both                       sides and rear of vehicle for distance not less than 200 feet.
          (2) Check the unconventional operation location and reject if all the major controls and switches are                     not conveniently located for use by the driver while in an unconventional operating position.
    (c) Under the hood inspection. An under the hood inspection shall be performed as follows:
          (1) Check the hood and reject if the street rod hood does not cover the top of the entire engine                               compartment.
          (2) Check the brake system and reject if any of the following apply:
                (i) The dual service brake system is not installed when the original system was modified.
               (ii) The dual service brake system is not installed on the vehicle with the rear tires exceeding 9                              inches in width.
    (d) Beneath the vehicle inspection. A beneath the vehicle inspection shall be performed as follows:
          (1) Inspect the tires and reject if any of the following apply:
                (i) The front tires measure less than 5 inches in width on the street rods.
               (ii) The rear tires exceed 9 inches in width and the vehicle is not equipped with a dual service brake                      system.
          (2) Inspect the scrub line and reject if any of the following chassis and suspension components are                       below the scrub line:
                (i) The frame.
               (ii) The axle.
              (iii) The axle housing.
              (iv) The lower control bar.
               (v) The shock mounts.
              (vi) The crossmembers.
             (vii) The torsion bar.
            (viii) The radius rods.
              (ix) The spindle arms.
               (x) The steering components.
              (xi) The brake components.
             (xii) The spring perch bolts.

APPENDIX B

MOTORCYCLE AND MOTOR VEHICLE CYCLE
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
(MAINTENANCE OF DESIGN VOLTAGE)—SAE J392
SAE Recommended Practice

1. Purpose—This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum illumination voltage values for motorcycle       and motor-driven cycle electrical systems and accompanying test procedures. (Note: Wherever the word       ‘‘motorcycle’’ appears in the report, it is understood to include ‘‘motor-driven cycle.’’)

2. Scope—This recommended practice pertains to both battery-equipped and batteryless motorcycle                 electrical systems.

3. Test Apparatus:
    3.1. Voltmeter—0-20 V maximum full-scale deflection, accuracy +1/2% (two voltmeters required).
    3.2. Ammeter—Capable of carrying full system load current. Accuracy +3%FS.
    3.3. Means for Measuring Engine RPM-Accuracy +3%.

4. Test Procedure.
    4.1. Install fully charged original equipment battery on the motorcycle (if motorcycle is battery equipped).
    4.1.1. Battery temperature to be 80 + or -10F.
    4.2. Connect one voltmeter between the headlamp low beam terminal and the ground; connect the other             voltmeter between the tail lamp terminal and the ground.
    4.3. Connect the ammeter in series with the battery. (Note: Disregard paragraph 4.3 for batteryless                         machines.)
    4.4. Start engine and turn on headlamp(s).
    4.4.1. Switch headlamp to the low beam position.
    4.4.2. External fan cooling may be applied to the motor cycle engine.
    4.5. Run the engine at an rpm equivalent to 30 mph in top gear for 10 minutes.
    4.5.1. Record the lowest and highest headlamp voltage and tail lamp voltage observed during the 10                        minute period.
    4.6. Increase speed to manufacturer’s suggested maximum rpm.
    4.6.1. Record the highest and lowest headlamp and tail lamp voltages observed during a 5-second period.
    4.7. Run the engine at manufacturer’s rated idle speed for 10 minutes.
    4.7.1. Record the lowest and highest tail lamp voltage observed during the 10 minute period.
    4.7.2. Record the lowest and highest headlamp voltage observed during the 10-minute period.
    4.8. Slowly increase the engine speed until generating equipment cancels the system load, indicated by                 ‘‘0’’ reading on the ammeter. (Note: Disregard paragraph 4.8 for batteryless motorcycles.)
    4.8.1. Record the engine rpm at ammeter zero point.

5. Test Limits:
    5.1. Voltages recorded in paragraphs 4.5.1, 4.6.1 and 4.7.1 shall be between 80% and 120% of the rate                headlamp design voltage.
    5.2. Voltages observed in paragraph 4.7.2 shall be between 40% and 120% of the rated headlamp design            voltage.
    5.3. Engine rpm observed in paragraph 4.8.1 shall be less than the motorcycle equivalent speed at 30                     mph in top gear operation.

(Reportof Motorcycle Committee and Lighting Committee approved December 1969. Editorial change November 1971.)

NOTES: —Table below is an appendix in ANSI Glazing Standard Z26.1
—Glazing marked AS10 or AS11 has bullet resisting qualities.
—Acceptable numbers shown in the two columns to the right, are marked on the glass
and are preceded by the letter ‘‘AS’’

ADDITIONAL GLAZING INFORMATION
MOTORCYCLES

*Glazing material which is intentionally made so that only a portion of a single sheet has a luminous transmittance of not less than 70 percent shall be marked at the edge of the sheet to show the limits of the area that may be used at levels requisite for driving visibility. The marks A S1 or A S2 etc., shall be used with the arrow pointing to the portion of the sheet having a luminous transmittance of not less than 70 percent and the number indicating the item with which that portion of the sheet complies.

 

TABLE IV—REQUIRED MOTOR VEHICLE LIGHTING EQUIPMENT
(as adopted in Chapter 153)

    Passenger cars, motorcycles and multi-purpose vehicles, trucks, trailers, and buses of less than 80"             overall width:      
    Headlamps    2 white, 7", Type 2 headlamp units,

                    or    2 white 5¾", Type 1 headlamp units

                    or    2 white 5¾" Type 2A headlamp units and 2 white Type 1A headlamp units.  

     
                           2 white headlamps, Type 2B1 or Type 2D1; 

                           4 white headlamps, 2 each Type 1C1 and Type 2C1, or Type 1A1 and Type 2A1  

     
   Taillamps       2 red      
   Stop Lamps   2 red       
    License Plate Light    1 white       
    Parking LampsReflex Reflectors    2 amber or white

                                                                 4 red, 2 amber      
    Intermediate Side Reflex Reflectors    2 amber      
    Intermediate Side Marker Lamps    2 amber       
    Side Marker Lamps    2 red; 2 amber       
    Backup Lamp    1 white       
    Turn Signal Lamps    2 red or amber       
    Turn Signal Operating Unit    1      
    Turn Signal Flasher    1       
    Vehicular Hazard Warning Signal Operating Unit    1       
    Vehicular Hazard Warning Signal Flasher    1       
         

TABLE V—LOCATION OF REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
MOTORCYCLES